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Diphenylmethyl picolinic acid derivatives and their use as anti-acne agents

Disclosed herein are substituted diphenylmethyl picolinic acids, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, amides and esters thereof. The compounds disclosed are useful as topical anti-acne agents.

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Reference£º
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Archives for Chemistry Experiments of 2,4-Dimethylpyridine

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Extraction of pyridine derivatives from human urine using electromembrane extraction coupled to dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography determination

In the present work, some of pyridine derivatives were analyzed for the first time in complicated biological fluids by coupling electromembrane extraction with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (EME-DLLME). 3-Methylpyridine, 2,4-lutidine, quinoline and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) were extracted from urine and water samples. Effective parameters on the efficiencies of EME and DLLME were optimized by one variable at a time method and face-centered central composite design (FCCCD), respectively. The supported liquid phase (SLM) employed for the extraction of the analytes was a mixture of 90% 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) and 10% di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (DEHP) which was immobilized in the pores of a piece of hollow fiber. An electric field was applied to carry over the analytes into acceptor solution. The acceptor solution was transferred to 1 mL of an alkaline solution (pH=13) and then DLLME procedure was performed. Preconcentration factors in the range of 40-263 and satisfactory repeatabilities (2.3Recommanded Product: 2,4-Dimethylpyridine

Reference£º
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

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Oxidative degradation of aqueous PZ solution and AMP/PZ blends for post-combustion carbon dioxide capture

Aqueous blends of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) and piperazine (PZ) appear to be commercially attractive solvents for post-combustion CO2 capture by absorption/stripping. An experimental study on the oxidative degradation of aqueous PZ solutions and AMP/PZ blends was carried out. The oxidative degradation experiments were performed in a 200mL glass batch reactor with an oxygen partial pressure of 250kPa, and at the temperatures of 80-120C. The amine loss was determined by cation ion chromatography (IC) while the degradation compounds were identified and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), cation IC and anion IC. Possible chemical pathways of PZ oxidative degradation are proposed to account for the observed degradation products. As compared to oxidative degradation of single AMP and PZ solvents, no new product was observed in partially degraded AMP/PZ blends. However, PZ degraded faster in the blends than it degraded individually at identical degradation conditions.

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Reference£º
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

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Visible-Light-Induced C2 Alkylation of Pyridine N-Oxides

A photoredox catalytic method has been developed for the direct C2 alkylation of pyridine N-oxides. This reaction is compatible with a range of synthetically relevant functional groups for providing efficient synthesis of a variety of C2-alkylated pyridine N-oxides under mild conditions. Mechanistic studies are consistent with the generation of a radical intermediate along the reaction pathway.

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Reference£º
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

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Solvate formation in lutidinium pamoate salts: A systematic study

A series of salts, solvates and co-crystals formed by reaction of the isomers of lutidine and picoline with pamoic acid have been prepared and characterised. These reactions were carried out in the solvents DMF and NMP in an attempt to understand the role of the solvent in the structure type observed. A total of 16 new structures are described and compared to the known structures of lutidinium pamoate previously obtained from neat lutidine or from THF. A number of structural features previously observed in these systems reappear in this study, as well as some entirely novel structure types. The solvent does not only fulfill a space-filling role, but rather seems to influence the state of ionisation of the pamoate moiety, which appears to be the major contributor to the crystal structure observed.

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Reference£º
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Discovery of 2,4-Dimethylpyridine

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Lanthanides and actinides: Annual survey of their organometallic chemistry covering the year 2015

This review summarizes the progress in organo-f-element chemistry during the year 2015. The year 2015 witnessed a slight increase of contributions in the fields of organolanthanide and organoactinide chemistry over 2014 (ca. 10% more). A continuing trend for many years which continued into 2015 was the investigation of highly reactive lanthanide alkyl complexes supported by non-cyclopentadienyl ligands (e.g. amidinates, beta-diketiminates etc.). Many of these complexes found useful applications in homogeneous catalysis. Trinuclear rare-earth metal methylidene (CH22-) complexes are an emerging class of compounds that serve as methylidene transfer agents for the methylenation of carbonyl compounds. The range of rare-earth metal alkyl complexes bearing different types of carbene ligands have also been further expanded. Several new lanthanide phosphido and phosphinidene complexes have been stabilized by specially designed N,N’-chelating ligands. The range of fully characterized lanthanide(II) compounds of the type [K(2.2.2-cryptand)][Cp’3Ln] (Cp’=C5H4SiMe3) has again been significantly expanded so that the +2 ions are now available for yttrium and all the lanthanides (except promethium, which was not studied due to its high radioactivity). The first well-defined lutetacyclopentadienes have been synthesized and their reactivity has been studied. The synthesis, structure, and reactivity of the extremely reactive yttrium metallocene ethyl complex Cp*2Y(CH2CH3), including activation of methane, have been reported. Significant progress has also been made in the field of endohedral metallofullerenes. Notably, encapsulation of a large La2C2 cluster inside D5(450)C100 induced a 5% axial compression of the cage, as compared with the structure of La2@D5(450)C100. The number of well-characterized heterometallic organolanthanide complexes has also witnessed a remarkable growth. An impressive number of interesting contributions have been published in the field of organolanthanide catalysis, with an emphasis on Ln-catalyzed olefin and diene polymerization. Approximately 20% of the papers published in 2015 were in the area of organoactinide chemistry. Notable results include the synthesis and characterization of homoleptic uranium(IV) tetrabenzyl complexes and a simple mono(imido) thorium complex and the first bis(imido) thorium complex, K[Th(NDipp))(NR2)3] and K2[Th(NDipp)2)(NR2)2] (Dipp=2,6-diisopropylphenyl, R=SiMe3). The reactivity of the unusual base-free imido complex [eta5-1,2,4-(Me3C)3C5H2]2ThN(p-tolyl) has also been studied. A highly remarkable achievement in 2015 was the synthesis of crystalline molecular complexes of the [{C5H3(SiMe3)2}3Th]- anion containing thorium in the formal +2 oxidation state. Various unusual transformations have been achieved using the Cp*2Th platform. For example, a unique thorium phosphinidene complex obtained from the reaction of Cp*2Th(CH3)2 with H2P(2,4,6-iPr3C6H2) has been prepared and structurally characterized. Other remarkable results include the preparation of novel actinide metallacyclocumulenes and metallacyclopentadienes. The synthesis of [3]thoro- and [3]uranocenophanes, the first structurally authenticated ansa-bridged actinocenes, has also been reported. Finally, significant progress has been made in the field of organoactinide catalysis.

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Reference£º
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

A new application about 2,4-Dimethylpyridine

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Geometrical configuration of monomethyl-platinum(II) complexes driven by the size of entering nitrogen ligands

The reaction of the monoalkyl complex trans-[Pt(DMSO)2Cl(CH3)] with a large variety of heterocyclic nitrogen bases L, in chloroform solution, leads to the formation of uncharged complexes of the type [Pt(DMSO)(L)Cl(CH3)], containing four different groups coordinated to the metal center. Only two out of the three different possible isomers were detected in solution. These two trans(C,N) and cis(C,N) species can be unambiguously identified through 1H NMR spectroscopy. For the trans(C,N) isomers, average values of 2JPtH=75¡À4 Hz and 3JPtH=36¡À4 Hz have been observed for the coordinated methyl and DMSO ligands, respectively. In the case of the cis(C,N) isomers, these values increase to 2JPtH=83¡À2 Hz, and decrease to 3JPtH=26¡À3 Hz due to the mutual exchange of ligands in trans position to CH3 and DMSO. In the case of bulky asymmetric ligands, such as quinoline, 2-quinolinecarboxaldehyde, 2-methylquinoline, 5-aminoquinoline, 2-phenylpyridine and 2-chloropyridine, slow rotation of the hindered group around the Pt-N bond makes the coordinated DMSO ligand prochiral. NMR experiments have shown that the first reaction product is the trans(C,N) isomer as a consequence of the very fast removal of one DMSO ligand by the nitrogen bases from the starting complex trans-[Pt(DMSO)2Cl(CH3)]. This trans kinetic product undergoes a geometrical conversion into the more stable cis(C,N) isomer through the intermediacy of fast exchanging aqua-species. The rate of isomerization and the relative stability of the two isomers depends essentially on the rate of aquation and on the steric congestion imposed by the new L ligand on the metal.

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Reference£º
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

Final Thoughts on Chemistry for 2,4-Dimethylpyridine

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Photochemical, electrochemical, and photoelectrochemical water oxidation catalyzed by water-soluble mononuclear ruthenium complexes

Two mononuclear ruthenium complexes [Ru(H2tcbp)(isoq)2] (1) and [Ru(H2tcbp)(pic)2] (2) (H4tcbp=4,4?,6,6?-tetracarboxy-2,2?-bipyridine, isoq=isoquinoline, pic=4-picoline) are synthesized and fully characterized. Two spare carboxyl groups on the 4,4?-positions are introduced to enhance the solubility of 1 and 2 in water and to simultaneously allow them to tether to the electrode surface by an ester linkage. The photochemical, electrochemical, and photoelectrochemical water oxidation performance of 1 in neutral aqueous solution is investigated. Under electrochemical conditions, water oxidation is conducted on the deposited indium-tin-oxide anode, and a turnover number higher than 15,000 per water oxidation catalyst (WOC) 1 is obtained during 10 h of electrolysis under 1.42 V vs. NHE, corresponding to a turnover frequency of 0.41 s-1. The low overpotential (0.17 V) of electrochemical water oxidation for 1 in the homogeneous solution enables water oxidation under visible light by using [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (P1) (bpy=2,2?-bipyridine) or [Ru(bpy)2(4,4?-(COOEt)2-bpy)]2+ (P2) as a photosensitizer. In a three-component system containing 1 or 2 as a light-driven WOC, P1 or P2 as a photosensitizer, and Na2S2O8 or [CoCl(NH3)5]Cl2 as a sacrificial electron acceptor, a high turnover frequency of 0.81 s-1 and a turnover number of up to 600 for 1 under different catalytic conditions are achieved. In a photoelectrochemical system, the WOC 1 and photosensitizer are immobilized together on the photoanode. The electrons efficiently transfer from the WOC to the photogenerated oxidizing photosensitizer, and a high photocurrent density of 85 muA cm-2 is obtained by applying 0.3 V bias vs. NHE. WOC immobilized on a semiconductor: Two mononuclear RuII complexes with free carboxyl groups (water-oxidation catalyst, WOC) can anchor covalently to a semiconductor. The electrochemical, photochemical, and photoelectrochemical water oxidation performance of the assembly devices in neutral aqueous solution is investigated (see figure).

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Reference£º
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

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Application of Pd(II) Complexes with Pyridines as Catalysts for the Reduction of Aromatic Nitro Compounds by CO/H2O

Many efforts have been undertaken to minimize the cost of large-scale conversion of aromatic nitro compounds to amines. Toward this end, application of CO/H2O as a reducing agent instead of molecular hydrogen seems to be a promising method, and the process can be catalyzed by Pd(II) complexes. In this work, the catalytic activity of square planar complexes of general structure PdCl2(XnPy)2 (where XnPy = pyridine derivative) was studied. Particular attention was paid to the effects of substituents both in the aromatic ring of XnPy (ligand) and the nitro compound to be reduced (YC6H4NO2). Incorporation of electron-withdrawing Y in the aromatic ring of YC6H4NO2 increases the conversion, indicating that the kinetics of this process is similar to that for the carbonylation of nitrobeznene by CO in the absence of water (described in J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2011, 337, 9-16). Surprisingly, the incorporation of electron-withdrawing substituents into the aromatic ring of the XnPy ligand also increases the conversion of YC6H4NO2 (regardless of the structure of the YC6H4NO2 substrate).

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Reference£º
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis

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N-PHENYL HYDRAZIDES AS MODULATORS OF THE GHRELIN RECEPTOR

The present invention relates to novel compounds of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: each R1 is independently selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, CH3 and CF3; X is carbon or nitrogen; R1a is H or a straight C1-3 alkyl group; R2a is H or a methyl group R2 is selected from the group consisting of C1-3alkyl, H and -(CH2)n-, wherein n is 3 or 4 and the terminal carbon of the chain is bonded to the carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen bearing the R2 group, such that a fused 6,5 or 6,6-bicyclic ring is formed. Y is selected from the group consisting of: phenyl which may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3alkyl, C1-3alkoxy, halogen, C1-3alkyl substituted by 1 to 7 fluoro atoms and C1-3alkoxy substituted by 1 to 7 fluoro atoms; pyridyl which may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3alkyl, OCH3, CF3, CN, and halogen; naphthyl which may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of F and OCH3; pyrimidinyl; imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-6-yl; benzothiophen-2-yl; benzothiophen-5-yl; benzofuran-2-yl; dibenzo[b,d]furan-3-yl; dibenzo[b,d]thiophen-2-yl; dibenzo[b,d]thiophen-4-yl; 1,3- benzodioxol-5-yl; 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-5-yl; 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl; 2,3- dihydro-1-benzofuran-4-yl; 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodiox-4-yl; pyridazinyl; imidazolyl; oxazolyl; pyrazolyl; thiazolyl; and triazolyl; with the proviso that when Y is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl, R1 is not Cl; processes for their preparation, intermediates useble in these processes, pharmaceutical compositions containing them and their use in therapy, for example as modulators of of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (also referred to as the ghrelin receptor or GHSR1a receptor) and/or for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a disorder mediated by the ghrelin receptor.

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Reference£º
Chiral nitrogen ligands in late transition metal-catalysed asymmetric synthesis¡ªI. Addressing the problem of ligand lability in rhodium-catalysed hydrosilations,
Nitrogen-Containing Ligands for Asymmetric Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis